ABSTRACT
Ocular manifestations form a part of the spectrum of varied clinical presentations in leukemias. Most of the ophthalmic manifestations are related to central nervous system leukemia and bone marrow relapse. We report a case of acute unilateral hypopyon uveitis as an initial presenting feature of relapsing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a pediatric patient. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed in a four-year-old male child presenting with unilateral treatment-resistant hypopyon after remission of ALL. Examination of aqueous humor aspirate revealed presence of malignant cells. Atypical hypopyon, even unilateral can be an indication of relapsing ALL in a child.
Subject(s)
Anterior Chamber , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Paracentesis , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/complications , Recurrence , Suppuration/diagnosis , Uveitis/etiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Visual inspection of cervix after application of acetic acid (VIA) is an effective screening tool for cervical cancer in low resource settings, but its low specificity leads to high referral rates. Adjunctive testing may overcome this drawback. AIMS: This pilot study was aimed to assess test performances of VIA, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and Pap smear, individually and in simulated combinations, to determine the probable best screening option. SETTING AND DESIGN: Gynecology outpatient department (OPD); cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred women with complaints of irregular vaginal bleeding or discharge, post coital bleeding or unhealthy cervix on examination underwent Pap smear, HPV testing, VIA, colposcopy and biopsy, if indicated, in this screening order. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each of the tests with a biopsy result of > or =HSIL taken as the gold standard. Simulated parallel and sequential combinations for VIA/Pap, VIA/HPV and HPV/Pap were calculated and compared with individual test performance. RESULTS: Prevalence of abnormal Pap smears was 5%, VIA positive 51% and HPV positive 16%. Sensitivity and specificity of VIA were 100% and 53.3% respectively. For HPV and Pap tests corresponding figures were 85.7%, 89.7% and 50%, 98.9% respectively. The best simulated combination with a balance of sensitivity and specificity was of VIA followed by HPV testing (sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 95.4%). CONCLUSION: Addition of HPV testing to VIA can increase the specificity of VIA, thereby reducing the referral rates without compromising the sensitivity of the test.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Biopsy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Colposcopy , Cross-Sectional Studies , DNA Probes, HPV , Female , Humans , India , Mass Screening/methods , Metrorrhagia/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Ambulatory , Physical Examination , Pilot Projects , Predictive Value of Tests , Surveys and Questionnaires , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Vaginal Discharge/diagnosis , Vaginal Smears/standardsABSTRACT
A 3 1/2-month-old male infant presented with cholestatic jaundice. Peroperative cholangiogram showed a gall bladder and small but patent extrahepatic bile ducts. Liver histology showed paucity of interlobular bile ducts. The child is being treated medically for his symptoms.
Subject(s)
Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic/pathology , Biliary Atresia/complications , Choledochal Cyst/complications , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Jaundice, Neonatal/diagnosis , MaleABSTRACT
Silver stained Nucleolar Organiser Region (AgNOR) counting is a well established method of estimating the proliferative activity of a tumour. Their utility in prognostication in Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) has not been fully investigated. We analysed hundred cases of NHL, all of which had a minimum of two and a half years of follow up, using histology by International Working Formulation (IWF) and their AgNOR scores. We found the IWF grading to have a good correlation with the outcome. The two and a half year survival for low grade NHL was 90 percent, for intermediate grade NHL was 47 percent and for high grade NHL was 30 percent. AgNOR scores correlated well with IWF grading and classification, with average AgNOR score of 1.82 (SD 0.34) in low grade NHL; 4.47 (SD 2.25) in intermediate grade NHL and 7.07 (SD 4.40) in high grade NHL. Over histology, AgNOR counting yielded additional prognostic information only in the diffuse small cleaved cell NHL (DSC), where finely dispersed NORs were seen. Of the 22 case of DSC included, 11 cases with AgNOR scores less than three had a much better outcome with 75 percent survival at two and a half years. Cases of DSC with AgNOR scores greater than three had a significantly worse outcome with only 25 percent survival at two and a half years (p=0.0103). Such sub-stratification could not be done in any other catergory of NHL using AgNOR scores. Thus, counting of AgNORs in lymphomas with finely dispersed NORs as in DSC is of prognostic value.